Nationwide cross-sectional study demonstrates low overall sports development across provincial populations, highlighting key gaps in mass participation and elite performance.
This research aims to develop an instrument to measure sports development in a comprehensive and integrated way. The research was designed in two stages: instrument development and implementation. Study 1 was carried out using focus group discussions and instrument testing on 1200 participants. Data were analyzed using correlation and factor analysis. Study 2 was carried out using a survey in 34 provinces in Indonesia involving 11,700 participants. Data were analyzed using index formulas and multiple regression. The results of Study 1 found that nine dimensions were considered in measuring sports development: human resources, open space, physical literacy, participation, physical fitness, health, personal development, spending, and performance. From these nine dimensions, factor analysis was then carried out, and three components were produced: high performance, values and healthy life, and sports culture. As an instrument, the SDI is a valid and reliable measure of sports development. The results of Study 2 show that Indonesia’s sports development achievements are still relatively low (0.327). SDI can be used to map the level of achievement of sports development from the perspective of mass sport and elite sport.
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Maksum et al. (2026) studied this question.
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