Impacts of energy efficiency retrofit interventions on the health and wellbeing of older people who rent their homes: a literature review

Poor housing conditions are linked to adverse health outcomes, particularly among older adults. Energy efficiency retrofits may reduce these risks, but evidence specific to older renters is limited. Older renters may be especially vulnerable due to age-related health risks and limited control over housing conditions. However, evidence on the health impacts of retrofit interventions in this population has not previously been synthesised. This literature review examined the health and wellbeing impacts of energy efficiency retrofit interventions among older people who rent their homes. A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus identified studies assessing retrofit interventions and health outcomes in renters aged 60 years and older. Screening and data extraction were conducted independently by multiple reviewers. Due to heterogeneity, findings were narratively synthesised. Seven studies met the inclusion criteria and were conducted in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Spain. Interventions ranged from window and door replacements to weatherisation programmes. Mental health outcomes showed modest improvements, while evidence for cardiovascular health was inconsistent. Cavity wall insulation without adequate ventilation was associated with worsened mental, respiratory, and general health. This review suggests that retrofit interventions were associated with health and wellbeing improvements among older renters, but that some measures can cause harm if not properly implemented. The findings highlight the need for tenant-focused approaches to energy efficiency that recognise the potential heterogeneity of resident needs and health impacts. As the first review to specifically examine older renters, we conclude that greater attention to differential effects across socio-demographic subgroups should be prioritised in future longitudinal research to strengthen the evidence base and inform safer and more equitable housing policy for ageing populations in rental housing.