Application of Exosome Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells after Cerebral Stroke: The Role of Exosomes on Mitochondrial Dysfunction

Stroke is a major cerebrovascular event leading to high rates of disability and mortality around the world. Fundamental research has elucidated the pathological processes of stroke to inform effective therapeutic strategies. Mitochondria, as the primary energy source for neurons, play a pivotal role in maintaining nervous tissue homeostasis, and disruptions in their function contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction, neuronal injury, and apoptosis. Exosomes, particularly those derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), exhibit remarkable potential as an ideal therapeutic modality. Owing to their nanoscale dimensions and bioactive cargo, exosomes can traverse the blood-brain barrier and modulate injury outcomes in the central nervous system (CNS). This review synthesizes prior studies to delineate the current status and therapeutic promise of MSC-derived exosomes as a cell-free approach for stroke management.