Terpenoids from Camellia oleifera: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Biological Activities

Camellia oleifera Abel., an economically significant oil-producing crop widely cultivated in southern China, is renowned for its high-quality edible oil and diverse pharmacological activities. The plant is rich in terpenoids, particularly triterpenoid saponins, which contribute to its health-promoting properties. However, a comprehensive review summarizing the diversity, biological activities, biosynthesis, and regulatory mechanisms of terpenoids in C. oleifera is lacking. This review systematically categorizes terpenoids identified from different parts of C. oleifera, elucidates their structural features, and infers their biosynthetic pathways. The biological activities of terpenoid-rich extracts and individual compounds, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, and hypoglycemic effects, are discussed. Furthermore, the potential applications of C. oleifera terpenoids in functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture are explored. This review aims to provide a valuable reference for future research and utilization of C. oleifera terpenoids.