Neuroprotective Activity of Medicinal Plants: Comprehensive Review of Phytochemicals, Neuronal Survival Mechanisms, Pharmacological Evidence, Safety Evaluation, Clinical Potential

Neurodegenerative disorders and neuronal injuries resulting from oxidative stress, inflammation, excitotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction represent significant global health challenges. Medicinal plants possessing neuroprotective properties are increasingly investigated as potential therapeutic agents for prevention and management of neurological diseases. This systematic review evaluates phytochemicals responsible for neuroprotection, mechanisms underlying neuronal survival including antioxidant defense, modulation of neurotransmission, inhibition of apoptosis and regulation of neuroinflammatory pathways, along with pharmacological evidence and safety considerations. Flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic acids and glycosides contribute to preservation of neuronal integrity and synaptic function. Experimental studies demonstrate improvement in cognitive performance and reduction in neuronal degeneration. Although clinical data remain limited, plant-derived neuroprotective compounds show promising therapeutic potential requiring further standardization and controlled clinical evaluation.