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August 19, 2026Scientific ReportsOpen Access

Irrigation scheduling and nitrogen strategies to enhance wheat yield and water productivity under subtropical conditions

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Authors

ADAnuj Kumar DwivediCOC. S. P. OjhaDSDeepak Singh

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Overview

Field experiment reveals four irrigations with recommended nitrogen maximize wheat yield and water productivity, indicating an optimal resource-saving strategy for subtropical cropping.

Key Points

  • To determine whether moderate deficit irrigation combined with recommended nitrogen application optimizes wheat grain yield and water-use efficiency across different cultivars under subtropical conditions.
  • Conducted a two-year field experiment (cropping seasons 2018-19 and 2019-20) in Roorkee, North India, using a split–split plot design.
  • Evaluated three irrigation regimes (three, four, and five irrigations), two nitrogen rates (75 and 90 kg N/acre), and three wheat cultivars (HD2967, UP2572, and UP2584).
  • Assessed grain yield, consumptive use efficiency, water productivity, irrigation water productivity, water savings, yield response factor (Ky), and evapotranspiration models.
  • Four irrigations consistently maximized grain yield, while three irrigations improved water productivity, irrigation water productivity, and water savings with only marginal yield reduction.
  • Increasing nitrogen from 75 to 90 kg N/acre did not significantly enhance yield but increased water consumption, lowering overall water-use efficiency.
  • Cultivar HD2967 produced the highest grain yield and demonstrated greater drought tolerance (Ky = 0.51) than UP2572 and UP2584, with FAO Penman–Monteith best estimating actual evapotranspiration.

Cite This Study

Dwivedi et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a8563d703308d306e2d7492https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-42476-1
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