Review highlights advances in extended-MHD simulations with M3D-C1 for complex stellarators, indicating expanded capabilities for fusion reactor design and plasma validation.
Stellarators are a promising candidate for realising fusion energy via magnetic confinement of high temperature plasmas. The intrinsically non-axisymmetric geometry of stellarators affords significant flexibility to optimise configurations for desirable physics and engineering properties. In this review, we present an overview of recent advances in high-fidelity macroscopic modelling for strongly-shaped stellarators, with applications ranging from design validation to understanding experimental observations and discovery-driven science. Following a discussion of the general challenges of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modelling, we focus on new developments with the extended-MHD code, M3D-C1. In closing, we discuss some opportunities and future directions for improving simulation capabilities and advancing physics understanding.
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Adelle Wright (2026) studied this question.
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