Empirical analysis reveals performance gaps between backtesting and live trading in gold, forex, and cryptocurrency markets, highlighting structural algorithmic limitations.
Fundamental and Structural Limitations of Algorithmic Trading Robots in Real Markets:A Comprehensive Analysis of the Gap Between Backtesting Results and Live Performancein Gold, Forex, and Cryptocurrency MarketsBased on Three Years of Empirical Research, Development of Hundreds of Multi-Layer Systems,and Practical Testing Across Multiple Environments
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Said hassan Ameeny poor (2026) studied this question.
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