Inland Waterway Transportation and Livelihood Outcomes: Assessing Employment, Income and Trade in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

Inland waterway transportation is an important component of the transport and livelihood system of Port Harcourt Metropolis, supporting mobility, employment, income generation and trade. This study assessed its relationship with employment, income and trade using a mixed-methods cross-sectional design. Data were collected from users and stakeholders at major jetties and loading points using structured questionnaires and key-informant interviews. Of 378 questionnaires administered, 359 valid responses were analysed. Quantitative data were analysed using frequencies, percentages, Pearson correlation and multiple regression, while interview data were analysed thematically. Results showed substantial waterway dependence, with 69.1% of respondents using waterways daily or several times weekly. Respondents reported positive contributions to employment (77.6%), income generation (74.7%) and trade (78.3%). Transportation efficiency was positively correlated with employment (r = 0.668), income (r = 0.631) and trade (r = 0.701), all p < .01. Regression models explained 54.2% of employment, 49.7% of income and 58.6% of trade variation, with transportation efficiency the strongest predictor in each model. Major constraints were insecurity (78.3%), poor jetty conditions (74.9%), high fares (71.6%), poor waterway maintenance (70.5%) and inadequate navigation facilities (67.1%). The study concludes that inland waterways make an important contribution to livelihoods and commercial activities in Port Harcourt, although insecurity, infrastructure deficiencies and operational limitations constrain their benefits. Improved security, safety, infrastructure, navigation, maintenance and operational efficiency are recommended.