Community-based disaster risk reduction in Nepal: integrating Indigenous knowledge, social vulnerability, and climate adaptation strategies

Nepal is highly vulnerable to earthquakes, floods, landslides, and droughts, making community-based disaster risk reduction essential for strengthening local resilience. This study examined the integration of Indigenous knowledge, social vulnerability, and climate adaptation in community-based disaster risk reduction practices using a convergent mixed-methods design involving 150 households, 30 key informant interviews, and 15 focus group discussions across five districts of Nepal. Quantitative and qualitative findings were integrated during interpretation to examine patterns in preparedness. Most households reported using traditional adaptation practices and participating in community preparedness activities regularly, including drills. Indigenous building, water management, and agricultural practices supported disaster preparedness while social networks strengthened inclusion. Climate-resilient agricultural practices were also widely reported. This study contributes to the community-based disaster risk reduction literature examining the combined role of Indigenous knowledge, social vulnerability, and climate adaptation. The findings highlight integrating Indigenous knowledge, inclusive participation, and climate adaptation into disaster risk reduction policies in Nepal.