Effect of Wi-Fi exposure and edible bird nest supplementation on the testicular oxidative stress status and sperm quality in male Sprague-Dawley rat pups

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Effect of Wi-Fi exposure and edible bird nest supplementation on the testicular oxidative stress status and sperm quality in male Sprague-Dawley rat pups INTRODUCTIONWireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) has evolved into a necessary element that seamlessly integrates into modern living.This technology uses radiofrequency radiation (RFR) to enable data transfer during wireless communication while operating under an unlicensed 2.45 GHz frequency band (1) .As a result of its flexibility, Wi-Fi has been widely used to carry out daily tasks and activities.Thus, excessive Wi-Fi unintentionally adds to the surrounding electro-smog or electro-pollution (2) .Recently, this awareness has started to cause public concern.Wi-Fi exposure can lead to pathological issues through both thermal and non-thermal effects (3) .The thermal effect causes localized tissue temperature to rise.Given that the testis is one of the organs susceptible to temperature changes, an increase in testicular temperature would cause spermatogenesis to be disrupted (4) .In our previous report, we demonstrated that Wi-Fi exposure causes a decrease in spermatogonia mitotic activity when Sprague-Dawley pups are exposed to Wi-Fi until adulthood (5) .The spermatogonia mitosis phase during spermatogenesis is important in determining the number of spermatozoa that will be produced (6) .Given that spermatogonia mitosis is impaired following Wi-Fi exposure (5) and causes disruption of spermatogenesis, subsequent sperm yields may decrease.Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess sperm quality including sperm concentration, motility, viability, morphology, and chromatin integrity after prolonged Wi-Fi exposure.The participation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which contributes to oxidative stress, is thought to be responsible for the non-thermal effect (7) .This hypothesis is supported by several scientific papers that reported an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidant status (TOS) (8) , and level of serum and testicular 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) (9) following Wi-Fi exposure toward male albino rats.Interestingly, no available studies have reported the oxidative stress status in the testis during reproductive development.Therefore, this current study aimed to evaluate the oxidative stress status in