Molecular-lattice-theory results for rigid cores having partially-flexible tails reveal that it is not necessary to invoke dipolar forces to have stable smectic-A₁, smectic-Ad, and low-temperature nematic (including reentrant-nematic) liquid-crystal phases. However, dipolar forces increase the stability of these phases in systems with Lennard-Jones interactions. Dipolar forces also shift the temperature ranges of these phases closer to ambient, thus making them easier to discover and observe experimentally.
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F. Dowell (1985) studied this question.
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