Suitability Analysis of Satellite Surveying Using GNSS for Modern Cadastre Practice

Modern cadaster systems uses space-based positioning techniques like GNSS, which are affected by orbital, atmospheric errors, and carrier phase ambiguity. To ensure consistency in cadaster mapping using geocentric Cassini GDM2000, Malaysia uses a cadaster system that utilizes Cadastral Reference Mark (CRM). This study examined two GNSS positioning methods for cadaster surveying, Rapid Static and Real-Time Kinematic (RTK), for CRM establishment with three objectives: creating CRMs using these methods, surveying cadaster lots and adjusting measurements using CRM positions, and analyzing the effectiveness of the techniques' by comparing area changes and coordinate offsets with NDCDB data. GNSS baseline vectors from CRM were linked to the nearest Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) using both methods, and network adjustments were made in GDM2000. The coordinate of CRM in Cassini GDM2000 was transformed by using map projection. Analysis showed that both Rapid Static and RTK methods achieve similar accuracy levels when the distance to reference station is lower than 20 km. Both GNSS measurement methods demonstrate their effectiveness in cadastral surveying by achieving the 5% tolerance required for areas under 40 hectars, as specified by the regulations. However, RTK does not provide measurement traceability as compared to Rapid Static mode. The study utilized CORS from MyRTKnet and NRCnet in GDM2000 coordinate system. The analysis from this studies will be beneficial for understanding positioning solution from Real-Time GNSS measurements and their applicability in cadastral surveying. By establishing CRMs through these methods, the research contributes to the optimization of cadastral processes and highlights the importance of selecting appropriate GNSS techniques based on factors such as distance to CORS and traceability requirements. This research supports Malaysia’s National Geospaital Policy and contributes to Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure) and SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), by advancing efficient and reliable land administration practices.