Laboratory Reactors and Heterogeneous Catalytic Processes

The majority of large-scale processes in chemical and refinery industries are based on heterogeneous catalytic reactions. Some examples are ammonia-, methanol-, and oxosynthesis; the production of ethylenoxid, cyclohexane, styrene, vinyl acetate and ma-leic and phthalic anhydride; isomerization of paraffins and C8-aromatics; catalytic reforming, hydrodesulfurization; hydrodeni-trogenation; and hydrocracking. Improvement of existing processes or introduction of new processes are mostly a result of developing new catalysts or modifying existing ones.