Circular economy towards zero waste and decarbonizationSince the Industrial Revolution, natural resource extraction has driven the world's rapid economic and social progress.Over the last five decades, the global use of materials, including metal ores, nonmetallic minerals, biomass, and fossil fuels, more than tripled from 30 billion metric tons in 1970 to 96 billion metric tons in 2019 (https://www.resourcepanel.org/global-materialflows-database).Material consumption at this massive and fastgrowing scale contributes to dramatic geological resource depletion, posing a severe environmental threat through carbon dioxide
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Li et al. (2022) studied this question.