A comprehensive study of exponential-rigid-rotor equilibria, for strong electron and ion rings indicates the presence of a sizeable percentage of untrapped particles in all equilibria with aspect-ratios R/a ⪅ 4. Such aspect-ratios are required in fusion-relevant rings. Significant changes in the equilibria are observed when untrapped particles are excluded by the use of a truncated exponential-rigid-rotor distribution function.
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Larrabee et al. (1979) studied this question.
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