Need of On-Board Diagnostics Compliance in Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)

This is the authors' abstract. We don't add key points for this paper.

Climate change and increasing air pollution pose major challenges to the world. Climate change is also causing global warming, particularly serious in urban India with dense population, due to which automotive OEMs focusing on CO₂ reduction are turning to battery electric vehicles (BEVs) as a way of offsetting pollution created by ICE vehicles. However, the production of electric energy causes CO₂ emissions averaging 820g/kWh, as most of this electricity is still generated from carbon-based sources like oil, coal, and gas. This also contributes to pollutant emissions in regions where power plants are located. In general, the performance of the vehicle and its subsystems deteriorates over time. Currently, the deterioration of exhaust emissions during vehicle use is monitored by On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) systems, as specified by legislation AIS 137. For electric vehicles, it is important to ensure energy consumption performance over time. A B-segment vehicle with an electric machine rated at 92kW power, a 30 kWh battery, and a single-speed transmission is modeled for analysis. As in current practice, battery charging by household single-phase supply and an average charge time of 8 hours is considered in the calculation. The energy consumption is calculated as alternating current consumption (from the grid) by the on-board vehicle charger. A potential failure matrix for electrical components of the electric vehicle is developed, and the energy consumption due to such malfunctions is evaluated using the combined vehicle and charger model. The calculated energy consumption of the vehicle in kWh will be extrapolated to analyze its impact on the urban power grid and the cost burden to BEV users. This study aims to analyze BEV energy consumption change due to malfunctions in the electric drive system. The output from this work can be used to evaluate the need for OBD and subsequent RMI (repair, maintenance, and inspection) requirements for battery electric vehicles.