When echo gets in the way: physiological factors affecting Doppler data

Figures

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  Figure 1. Increased aortic gradients. TTE at the district general hospital showed well-seated 23 mm mosaic aortic valve prosthesis with a peak gradient of 103 mmHg and mean gradient of 67 mmHg.

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  Figure 2. Previous aortic gradients. Previous TTE from under a year ago showed a well-seated prosthetic valve with a peak gradient of 48 mmHg, mean of 23 mmHg and an EOA of 1.3 cm2.

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  Figure 3. Perioperative gradients. This showed a well seated bioprosthetic aortic valve with peak gradient of 54 mmHg and mean gradient of 30 mmHg.

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  Figure 4. Perioperative TOE 3D area. 3D aortic valve area estimated at 1.32 cm2.

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  Figure 5. Haemoglobin graph. This figure shows the patients’ haemoglobin levels during serial blood tests done from November 2018 to October 2019. In January 2019, there was profound anaemia with haemoglobin at 56 g/L.