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The gain and phase errors in high quality integrator circuits are discussed, and the relative merits of inverting and noninverting structures are established. It is shown that the normally positive gain and phase errors in noninverting integrators can be reduced to zero or negative values. Analytical and experimental evidence is presented to demonstrate that the sensitivity to uniform changes in the operational amplifier gain-bandwidth products in two-integrator loop structures can be forced to zero.
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George R. Wilson (1989) studied this question.
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