A ReSCAL-based numerical study on synergistic optimization of photovoltaic arrays for sand control and power generation

In arid desert environments, photovoltaic (PV) arrays not only serve as clean energy suppliers, but also act as physical barriers to mitigate wind-blown sand movement. Based on the Real-Space Cellular Automaton Laboratory (ReSCAL), this study explores the coupled effects of PV array parameters (tilt angle β, array density rf, and wind direction γ) on the performances of sand control and power generation of PV arrays. Wind conditions are categorized into Interval A1 (γ ϵ [0, 45°]∪[135°, 225°] ∪[315°, 360°]) and Interval A2 (the remaining γ ranges).The results indicate that, β significantly influences the array's sand fixation and blocking capabilities, with increasing rf further amplifying β's impact. Additionally, leveraging the sand control advantages of vertical PV module and the power generation superiority of traditional tilted PV module, a novel hybrid array configuration is proposed. The results demonstrate that vertical PV modules should be prioritized in the southern sector of the Xinjiang PV plant, while the scale of hybrid arrays must be strategically constrained to prevent compromising the sand control enhancement through vertical module deployment. Finally, a comprehensive evaluation model integrating sand control and power output is established by monetizing both benefits. The results indicate that, although tilt angle optimization sacrifices certain power generation, strategic layout design (notably vertical installations) compensates via enhanced sand control benefits. This approach maintains holistic performance standards for PV arrays in desert environments.