Comparative analysis reveals greater disparities in healthcare access and governance in Pakistan versus Indonesia, highlighting the need to target social determinants to meet SDG 3 targets.
Health equity remains a critical challenge in low- and middle-income countries. This paper compares Pakistan and Indonesia through the WHO Social Determinants of Health framework to identify structural and intermediary factors driving health disparities. Despite similar regional contexts, Indonesia demonstrates better outcomes across income, education, healthcare access, and policy implementation. Pakistan faces more severe barriers in financial access, infrastructure, and governance. The study concludes with a 2026-2030 policy timeline aligned with SDG 3 to reduce inequities. Addressing social determinants is essential for achieving universal health coverage in both nations.
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HAFZA SIMRAN ALI (2026) studied this question.
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