Network pharmacology and experimental study of Angelica sinensis and Astragalus membranaceus capsules in treating heart failure

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Summary of the research performed in this research.STEP1: Network pharmacology analysis process; STEP2: Visualization of molecular docking; STEP3: Experimental verification results.

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  Fig. 2. AAC “Active Component-Target” Network. Red circles represents an active ingredient in ACC, The purple diamond represents the targets, and area represents the size of the degree value; AR stands for Astragali, ASR stands for Angelica sinensis, and the corresponding components are shown in Table 2. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

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  Fig. 3. The distribution of disease and therapeutic targets. Targets for diseases are shown in purple circles, whereas medication targets are shown in yellow circles. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

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  Fig. 4. PPI of AAC and HF. Circles in different colors indicate targets. More lines indicate higher enrichment target.

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  Fig. 5. Diagram of core targets. The yellow circle is the extracted core and the larger the diameter of the circle, the larger the “degree value".

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  Fig. 6. Enrichment analysis. p < 0.05 as statistically significant.

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  Fig. 7. Distribution of key targets in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. The red rectangle stands for the key targets. The putative targets and the genes implicated in the pathway are shown in red.

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  Fig. 8. Molecular docking analysis. Left: two-dimensional image; Right: three-dimensional image. Proteins are shown in green and grey, active ingredients in red. (A)The optimal binding modes of Quercetin and MAPK1 (ΔG = −6.72 kcal/mol). (B)The optimal binding modes of Kaempferol and MAPK1 (ΔG = −6.28 kcal/mol). (C)The optimal binding modes of Kaempferol and PIK3CA (ΔG = −6.15 kcal/mol). (D)The optimal binding modes of 7-O-methylisomucronulatol and AKT1 (ΔG = −6.18 kcal/mol). (E)The optimal binding modes of Formononetin and MAPK1 (ΔG = −6.43 kcal/mol). (F)The optimal binding modes of Formononetin and PIK3CA (ΔG = −7.15 kcal/mol).

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  Fig. 9. CCK assay for cell viability Vertical axis indicates cell viability, horizontal axis indicates different doses of doxorubicin. Different colors represent different times. Comparatively to 5 μmol/L doxorubicin,∗p < 0.05; ∗∗p < 0.01. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

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  Fig. 10. CCK assay for cell viability Vertical axis indicates cell viability, horizontal axis indicates 15 μmol/L doxorubicin + different concentrations of AAC. Different colors represent different times. 0 mg•L−1 AAC:Only 15 μmol/L is given; Comparatively to 0 mg•L−1 AAC group, ∗∗p < 0.01. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

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  Fig. 11. Flow cytometry detection of apoptosis.

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  Fig. 12. Apoptosis Rate in each group. Different colors for different groups.Comparatively to CONTROL group, ∗p < 0.05;∗∗p < 0.01; Comparatively to DOXORUBICIN group,#p < 0.05;##p < 0.01.