Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
The rate of laser ablation at irradiances of ~2×10¹⁴ W cm^-2 of solid iron has been measured using the transmission of a neonlike zinc x-ray laser at 21.2 nm through thin iron targets. Ablated iron becomes transparent to the x-ray laser flux, enabling the thickness of unablated material and hence the rate of ablation to be measured from time resolved x-ray laser transmission.
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
Edwards et al. (2007) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 10 related papers. Consider them for comparative context: