Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) offers a cohesive model explaining the interrelationships among psychological phenomena and the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. While the fundamental principles of PNI are well documented, translating these multidimensional interactions into actionable experimental frameworks remains a challenge. This paper advances the current PNI literature by proposing a refined bio-psycho-social framework rooted in systems biology. By structurally mapping physiological mechanisms, from molecular cytokines to systemic neuroendocrine responses to environmental and psychological factors, this perspective bridges theoretical PNI and personalized healthcare routine. This review article contributes towards providing better understanding of these bidirectional pathways which clarifies the necessity for a multi-targeted, individualized healthcare system that integrates pharmacological interventions, evidence-based lifestyle changes, and mind-body therapies, ultimately improving experimental efficacy and holistic health outcomes.
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Srivastava et al. (2026) studied this question.
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