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Local color: Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) bifunctionalized with a crown ether and thioctic acid can be used for the rapid sensing of a target analyte with the naked eye. A color transformation occurs when the interparticle hydrogen bonds of aggregated GNPs are broken forming a dispersion. For example, the detection of PbII takes only 1 s (see picture).
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Lin et al. (2006) studied this question.
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