Electronic and Bonding Properties of LiMn₂O₄Spinel with Different Surface Orientations and Doping Elements and Their Effects on Manganese Dissolution

This paper investigates the effects of surface orientation and doping on the dissolution of Mn ions from LiMn 2 O 4 structures using first principles calculations. Our aim is to understand why certain surface orientations and element dopings produce structures with lower Mn dissolution. By comparing the electronic properties and structures of systems with different surfaces and dopings, Mn dissolution mechanisms and their prevention can be better understood. Based on our calculations, Mn dissolution is strongly correlated with the electronic and bonding properties of the Mn-O bonds. Surface orientations with a larger number of Mn-O bonds and smaller bond length require more energy to break the Mn-O bonds. In addition, doping with certain elements changes the bonding state of Mn, which either prevents or aggravates Mn dissolution.