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Laulajainen R. and Gadde L-E. (1986) Locational avoidance: a case study of three Swedish retail chains, Reg. Studies 20, 131–140. Spatial competition by three Swedish variety store chains in the period 1927–76 is studied cartographically and by regression technique. The behaviour was avoidance rather than matching. The two centrally-managed private chains were broadly similar and far more attracted by untapped market potential and repelled by competition than the fairly loose co-operative organization.
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Laulajainen et al. (1986) studied this question.
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