Human dimensions influencing the use of electric fences for bear-proofing in suburban kitchen gardens, in Sapporo, Japan

Reducing bear access to anthropogenic food sources is key to urban bear management. However, bear-proofing measures, such as electric fences, may be hindered by some factors (e.g. negative attitude toward measures) among residents. In this study, we investigated the risk-based, attitudinal and demographic factors influencing the use of electric fences through a questionnaire in noncommercial farms (kitchen gardens) in Sapporo, Japan. Our results showed that only a few farmers use electric fences. While the incidence of crop damage by bears was lower than that by deer and other medium-sized mammals, many farmers were concerned about crop damage and bear encounters. The results also showed that fear of electrocution can prevent the use of electric fences, while risk perceptions of bears can be encouraged. Focusing on local factors may promote electric fence introduction to decrease human – bear conflicts in suburban areas.