Embroidery Electro-Textile Patch Antenna Modeling and Optimization Strategies With Improved Accuracy and Efficiency

In this article, we present systematic modeling and optimization strategies for embroidery electrotextile patch antennas, including material characterization, detailed modeling, stitch density study, and surrogate-based optimization. A detailed full-wave model that accounts for the complex embroidery features is proposed, with the effects of stitch density analyzed and validated through measurements for both rectangular and E-shaped patch antennas. A textile tailored surrogate optimization technique is then implemented to accelerate the computationally expensive full-wave evaluation for the detailed full-wave model, saving almost an order of magnitude of the computation time compared with canonical optimization. The methodologies presented in this article provide a pathway for both improved accuracy and efficiency in designing embroidery electrotextile patch antennas.