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This study examines the role of racial/ethnic factors contributing to prison misconduct, especially for Native American inmates, which is an understudied population, utilizing the Level of Services Inventory (LSI-R) among other control variables. The findings revealed that African Americans and Native Americans perpetrate higher rates of violent misconduct than other groups. Native Americans also had higher rates of total violations and mid-level violations. The LSI-R and most individual-level factors proved to be consistent predictors of all types of rule violations. Results are discussed within the context of theoretical models and institutional management implications.
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Cihan et al. (2026) studied this question.
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