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Marvin D. Krohn, James L. Massey, William F. Skinner, Ronald M. Lauer, Social Bonding Theory and Adolescent Cigarette Smoking: A Longitudinal Analysis, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Vol. 24, No. 4 (Dec., 1983), pp. 337-349
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Krohn et al. (1983) studied this question.
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