Young onset colorectal cancer in hereditary syndromes

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally, with rising concerns about its increased incidence in individuals under 50, termed young-onset CRC. Despite declines in CRC rates overall, young-onset CRC has risen by 1–3 % annually in the US and Europe. This rise is most pronounced in rectal cancer and is projected to result in significant growth in CRC cases among individuals aged 20–49 over the next decade. While most young-onset CRCs are sporadic, approximately 15 % of cases are linked to genetic syndromes. This review explores the genetic syndromes associated with young-onset CRC, distinguishing between polyposis and non-polyposis types, and discusses diagnostic strategies, management, and multidisciplinary care approaches essential for colorectal surgeons treating these patients.