Editorial: Inflammatory Treg reprogramming in the tumor immune microenvironment

This is the authors' abstract. We don't add key points for this paper.

Regulatory T (Treg) cells, a subset of immune regulatory cells capable of triggering immunological tolerance, are found within the intricate tumor immune microenvironment (TME) composed of diverse cellular and chemical components (1). Through the suppression of other immune cells, Treg maintain immunological homeostasis and self-tolerance in typical conditions (2). The immunosuppressive activity of Treg serves a dual function in both the initiation and progression of tumors. (3,4).Recent studies have shown that specific signaling molecules present within the TME can induce reprogramming of inflammatory Treg (5). This reprogramming may lead to a shift of inflammatory Treg from a normal immune regulatory phenotype to one that facilitates tumor progression. Additionally, inflammatory Treg cells are affected by factors produced by various immune cells and tumor cells in the TME. The intratumoral Tregs content exhibits significantly higher levels compared to those observed in peripheral blood or healthy tissue, and they express checkpoint molecules at a high level, making them an ideal candidate for immunotherapeutic interventions (6). Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents are currently employed in immunotherapy to enhance immune-mediated eradication of tumor cells by inhibiting communication between immune and tumor cells (7). These medications can also boost inflammatory Treg activity, which negates their impact on the anti-tumor immune response (8). Consequently, a prominent area of contemporary investigation focuses on the development of innovative tumor immunotherapy strategies to counteract Treg reprogramming. This research topic, titled "Inflammatory Treg reprogramming in the tumor immune microenvironment", was curated by 3 guest editors and comprises a collection of 6 articles, including 3 reviews and 3 original research studies. These articles offer a profound comprehension and novel comprehensive perspective on the inflammatory Treg reprogramming in the tumor immune microenvironment and potential strategies for overcoming these challenges.Treg cells are immunosuppressive CD4+ T cells that are essential for the maintenance of immune tolerance, tissue homeostasis, and prevention of autoimmunity (9). In cancer, it is through these mechanisms that tumors evade the immune system and facilitate progression. The presence of a developing tumor results in tissue damage and inflammatory signals that typically trigger a response from Treg cells. Hence, Treg cells proliferate and amass within the TME as a compensatory mechanism to reestablish immune and tissue equilibrium, ultimately suppressing the immune response against the tumor. Elevated frequencies of intratumoral Treg correlate with poor prognosis in patients with various cancer types, suggesting the potential importance of targeting Treg in cancer immunotherapy (10). In order to facilitate future advancements in the field of Tregs in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), Zhang et al. extracted Tregs-associated signatures using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and bulk RNA-seq. These signatures were subsequently utilized to stratify patient risk subgroups within the context of LUAD. The authors effectively showcased the efficacy of these signatures in assisting the clinical management of LUAD patients. These results have the potential to advance precision medicine and facilitate the identification of new therapeutic targets for LUAD. In another study, Tang et al. conducted a thorough analysis to identify the key factors indicative of the TME and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), with a specific focus on the role of kinesin family member 18B (KIF18B) in various processes such as TME, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification, and therapeutic responses in NPC. The authors successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of KIF18B in predicting patient outcomes, regulating immune evasion and EMT, and predicting therapeutic responses. These findings possess the capacity to propel precision medicine forward and streamline the discovery of novel therapeutic targets for NPC. Moreover, Xu et al. presented a comprehensive analysis of the role of Treg cells infiltration in the immune response of pancreatic cancer. Subsequently, they identified crucial mRNA markers associated with Treg cells in pancreatic cancer. These results offer valuable insights into the potential therapeutic implications of Tregs in cancer treatment. In summary, this Research Topic encompasses a comprehensive examination and analysis of 6 articles that delve into the topics of inflammatory Treg reprogramming in the tumor immune microenvironment. These articles present diverse perspectives on the subject matter, providing valuable insights and potential strategies to improve the effectiveness of immunotherapy. Treg, as a prominent target in the realm of cancer immunotherapy, has the potential to collaboratively stimulate a strong anti-tumor response, particularly in instances where tumors have shown resistance to immunotherapy. By modulating the reprogramming of Treg cells, it is feasible to diminish their immunosuppressive activity, alleviate the adverse impacts of Treg reprogramming on immunotherapy in inflammatory settings, and partially avert the severe autoimmune repercussions that could result from Treg depletion therapy. We believe that in the future, with continued in-depth research on Treg, s substantial advancements will be achieved in the realm of tumor immunotherapy, ultimately benefiting a large population of individuals with cancer. It is our aspiration that the findings outlined in this Research Topic will serve as a driving force for future innovations, fostering an stimulating and auspicious future in this field.All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. 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