In this paper, we reveal how the vignette effect (VE) affects the pseudo-3D perception and apparent depth of images displayed on 2D aerial images and general 2D screens. The VE is known as an image editing technique that reduces brightness toward the edges of an image. Evaluation results show that the VE likely increases pseudo-3D perception and apparent depth. However, the lack of significant differences in some cases suggests an image dependency of the VE effect.
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Saito et al. (2026) studied this question.
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