Editorial: Integrated Pest Management of tropical crops

This is the authors' abstract. We don't add key points for this paper.

Over half a century ago, the concept of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) was developed by entomologists at the University of California at Berkeley. The idea centered around the economic, social, and environmental ramifications of the indiscriminate use of chemical pesticidesincluding pest resistance, resurgence of pests, and adverse impacts on non-target species, humans, wildlife, and the environment FAO (1994) has defined the concept as "the careful integration of several available pest control techniques that discourage pest population development and keep pesticide and other interventions to levels that are economically justified and safe for human health and the environment." IPM is a dynamic program specific to crop, location, season, and economic conditions, including political, that combines all available tactics to help grow healthy plants It combines cultural control, mechanical control, host plant resistance, biological control, and chemical control with safe insecticides, while involving the disciplines of entomology, plant pathology, nematology, weed science, economics, sociology, computer sciences, statistics, and others.