Key result
Deep breathing significantly increased information flow from respiratory to cardiac and vascular signals compared to normal breathing, indicating parasympathetic nervous system activation.
Why the study?
Does deep breathing alter the coupling among cardiac, vascular, and respiratory signals in healthy volunteers?
Cross-Sectional (n=30)
Does deep breathing alter the coupling among cardiac, vascular, and respiratory signals in healthy volunteers?
An information domain coupling method based on conditional entropy can detect physiological coupling changes during deep breathing, reflecting parasympathetic activation.
Supports conditional entropy analysis for detecting autonomic shifts in healthy volunteers; leaves open clinical translation and therapeutic relevance.
This quantitative study identifies the coupling changes occurring among cardiac (RR), vascular (SBP) and respiratory (RESP) signals during deep breathing. The deep breathing measures the dysfunction of the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system. The traditional methods based on cross-correlation and coherence analysis lack to measure nonlinear structures and unpredictability of physiological subsystems. Therefore, information domain coupling method based on conditional entropy is proposed to detect the coupling changes. Thirty healthy volunteers were examined for 5[Formula: see text]min at normal breathing and 5[Formula: see text]min during deep breathing (6[Formula: see text]cycles/min). The reduction in respiration rate detects a significant increase in information flow from RESP to RR, RESP to SBP and SBP to RR. The increased interaction from RESP to RR and RESP to SBP at reduced respiration rate indicates the enhancement of respiratory sinus arrhythmia that results in the activation of the parasympathetic nervous system. Also, the balanced cardiovascular interaction observed on normal breathing from RR to SBP disappears, but interaction occurring in baroreflex direction (SBP to RR) increases that helps in the reduction of blood pressure during deep breathing. This detected direction of information flow helps in identifying the coupling changes occurring during parasympathetic nerve activity.
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Mary et al. (2018) conducted a cross-sectional in Healthy (n=30). Deep breathing vs. Normal breathing was evaluated on Coupling changes among cardiac (RR), vascular (SBP) and respiratory (RESP) signals measured by conditional entropy. Deep breathing significantly increased information flow from respiratory to cardiac and vascular signals compared to normal breathing, indicating parasympathetic nervous system activation.
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