A Miniature Membrane‐less Biofuel Cell Operating at +0.60 V under Physiological Conditions

Biobattery. By increasing the density of the polymer-bound redox sites, which electrically connect the reaction centers of GOx to the anode, we have increased the glucose flux limited current density by 20 % and decreased by 50 mV the overpotential for glucose electro-oxidation. The miniature, membrane-less glucose-O2 biofuel cell that has been built with the novel anode operated at the highest voltage to date, +0.60 V (see graph), while producing 4.8 μW mm−2 in a physiological buffer at 37.5 °C.