THE evolution of transmission networks for communications systems progresses through three fairly well-defined phases — design, synthesis and final adjustment. The design phase ordinarily involves no problem of measurement. In the synthesis stage, during which the physical model is constructed from the paper design, precise equipment is often needed for measuring the magnitude of the various components comprising the network. The adjustment stage, in which the network is actually tested as an element in a transmission circuit, generally requires the most complex instrumentation. In the latter category we may include insertion loss, gain, and phase measurement systems.
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Alsberg et al. (1949) studied this question.