Investigation of cardiopulmonary exercise testing using a dynamic leg press and comparison with a cycle ergometer

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Exercise testing protocol

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  Fig. 2. Dynamic leg press augmented with work rate estimation and visual feedback

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  Fig. 3. Original data records from one participant’s exercise tests on the DLP and CE (participant 8). a Oxygen uptake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$\dot {V}\text {O}_{2}$\end{document}V˙O2). b Target and measured work rates (Ptarget, P). c Heart rate (HR). d Respiratory exchange ratio (RER)

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  Fig. 4. Original data record and determination of VT1 and VT2 thresholds for the DLP data in Fig. 3 (participant 8). a VT1 is at the minimum point of P ETO2 and VT2 is at the turning point of P ETCO2. b VT1 is at the minimum point of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$\dot {V}\mathrm {E}/\dot {V}\text {O}_{2}$\end{document}V˙E/V˙O2 and VT2 is the minimum point of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$\dot {V}\mathrm {E}/\dot {V}\text {CO}_{2}$\end{document}V˙E/V˙CO2. c VT1 is at the deflection point of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$\dot {V}\text {CO}_{2}$\end{document}V˙CO2 vs. \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}…

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  Fig. 5. Original data record and determination of VT1 and VT2 thresholds for the CE data in Fig. 3 (participant 8). a VT1 is at the minimum point of P ETO2 and VT2 is at the turning point of P ETCO2. b VT1 is at the minimum point of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$\dot {V}\mathrm {E}/\dot {V}\text {O}_{2}$\end{document}V˙E/V˙O2 and VT2 is the minimum point of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$\dot {V}\mathrm {E}/\dot {V}\text {CO}_{2}$\end{document}V˙E/V˙CO2. c VT1 is at the deflection point of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$\dot {V}\text {CO}_{2}$\end{document}V˙CO2 vs. \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}…

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  Fig. 6. Peak performance parameters and ramp duration. the green lines link the sample pairs from each participant; the red horizontal bars depict mean values. D is the difference between the paired samples: D = DLP - CE. MD is the mean difference (red horizontal bar), with its 95% confidence interval (CI) in blue. Inclusion of the value 0 within the 95% CI signifies a non-significant difference between the means (p>0.05, Table 1); a significant difference between the means is marked by 0 lying outwith the 95% CI (p<0.05, Table 1). a\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$\dot {V}\text {O}_{\mathrm {2peak}}$\end{document}V˙O2peak: MD = -0.892 L/min, 95% CI = (-1.138,-0.646), p=0.0000067. b HRpeak: MD = -8 bpm, 95% CI = (-12,-4), p=0.0016. c RERpeak: MD = 0.02, 95% CI = (-0.01,0.06), p=0.17. d tramp: MD = -1.4 min, 95% CI = (-2.1,-0.8), p=0.00067

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  Fig. 7. Sub-maximal outcomes: the green lines link the sample pairs from each participant. the red horizontal bars depict mean values. D is the difference between the paired samples: D = DLP - CE. MD is the mean difference (red horizontal bar), with its 95% confidence interval (CI) in blue. A significant difference between the means is marked by 0 lying outwith the 95% CI (p<0.05, Table 1). a\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$\dot {V}\text {O}_{\mathrm {2VT1}}$\end{document}V˙O2VT1: MD = -0.224 L/min, 95% CI = (-0.421,-0.027), p=0.029. b\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$\dot {V}\text {O}_{\mathrm {2VT2}}$\end{document}V˙O2VT2: MD = -0.768 L/min, 95% CI = (-1.140,-0.396), p=0.0012