Population Structure and Kinship in Polistes (Hymenoptera, Vespidae): An Analysis Using Ribosomal Dna and Protein Electrophoresis

and three of the four species had significant values of ø. In many cases ø also differed from the expected value under haplodiploidy and random mating. Values of ø did not differ from expectations under haplodiploidy and local inbreeding. These results emphasize that theories of social behavior and evolution based on coefficients of kinship should include some explicit consideration of population structure.