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The topography of Antarctica is dominated by systems of block‐faulted mountain ranges and marginal troughs radiating from near the South Pole, and by two systems of volcanoes. Some centres of both the alkaline McMurdo Volcanics and the andesitic Scotia Arc Volcanics are still active. Stratigraphically, Antarctica consists principally of (A) a Precambrian Shield complex, (B) the Ross Geosyncline and the associated Granite Harbour Intrusives, (C) the Beacon Sandstone, (D) the Ferrar Dolerites and Volcanics, (E) the McMurdo Volcanics, (F) the Graham Land Geosyncline and the associated Andean Intrusives, and (G) the Scotia Arc Volcanics. Three or more probable Precambrian orogenies were followed by the Ross Orogeny (Ordovician), the Andean Orogeny (Late Triassic–Eocene), and the Victoria Orogeny (Late Tertiary).
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Bernard M. Gunn (1963) studied this question.
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