Electron-plasma waves driven unstable by an electron beam are observed to be backscattered by stationary density perturbations to form standing waves. Above a certain threshold these standing waves develop into sharply localized (~10λD) intense fields, Eₘₐₓ²4πn₀κTₑ≈1. Significant fractions of beam electrons are scattered in velocity space by these stationary spikes of high-frequency field.
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Wong et al. (1975) studied this question.
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