Effects of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy on Cardio-Respiratory Coupling

Figures

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  Figure 1. Cardiac and respiratory signal analysis parameters in CRT responders and non-responders, before (baseline) and after (follow-up) device implantation. Heart rate—HR (A), breathing frequency—BF (B), sample entropy of RR interval series—SampEnRR (C), and sample entropy of respiratory signal time series—SampEnResp (D). ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05 intragroup comparison (F-up vs. Baseline), ## p < 0.01 intergroup comparison (Responders F-up vs. Non-responders F-up). Values are mean + standard error.

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  Figure 2. Cardiac and respiratory signal parameters obtained by detrended fluctuation analysis in CRT responders and non-responders, before (baseline) and after (follow-up) device implantation. Short-term scaling exponent of RR interval series—α1(RR) (A), short-term scaling exponent of respiratory signal series—α1(Resp) (B), long-term scaling exponent of RR interval series—α2(RR) (C), and long-term scaling exponent of respiratory signal series—α2(Resp) (D). ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05 intragroup comparisons (F-up vs. Baseline), ## p < 0.01 Responders F-up vs. Non-responders F-up, # p < 0.05 Responders Baseline vs. Non-responders Baseline, intergroup comparisons. Values are mean + standard error.

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  Figure 3. Cross sample entropy between RR interval series and respiratory signal series (CrossSampEn) in CRT responders and non-responders, before (baseline) and after (follow-up) device implantation. * p < 0.05 F-up vs. Baseline, ## p < 0.01 Responders F-up vs. Non-responders F-up. Values are mean + standard error.

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  Figure 4. ROC curve for the ratio of cross sample entropy obtained after and before CRT. rCrossSampEn = (CrossSampEn)F-up/(CrossSampEn)Baseline.