Internal Mammary Artery Grafts Without Optical Assistance

175 consecutive patients with angina pectoris and angiographic evidence of ≥70% obstruction in one or more major coronary arteries (NYHA class I-IV, 40% three-vessel disease, 33% double vessel disease).

Internal mammary artery (IMA) grafts performed without optical assistance, combined with saphenous vein grafts in 61% of patients.

Operative mortality, remission of angina, and graft patency on repeat arteriogram