Vacuum Arc Cathode Spot Theory: History and Evolution of the Mechanisms

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Vacuum arc cathode spot theories are reviewed, beginning from the primary studies in second half of the 19th century up to the present. The evolution of the main ideas is presented, starting from those, which developed, for separate phenomena, up to systematic inclusive models. New spot type classifications are proposed based on observed characteristics, instead of the previous simple numbering. Different approaches were considered for generating plasma comprised of cathode material, based on cathode vaporization and local explosions. Models with closed systems of equations were developed. A kinetic model advantageously allows calculating the cathode potential drop. These closed models explain various phenomena and two base rules were derived: 1) impeded plasma flow enables cathode spot operation and 2) the heat loss in the cathode must be smaller than the energy input to the cathode spot. Based on these rules, mechanisms for the spot types were derived and observed spot behavior in transverse and oblique magnetic fields was described.