Studies on low-frequency acoustic wave-scattering phenomena due to under-ice roughness made by utilizing a rough, thin-ice plate model are presented. The model naturally divides the reflected field solution into specular and off-specular components. The model for specular components can give an excellent propagation loss prediction if the combined effects of under-ice roughness scattering, ice absorptions, and ice thickness are taken into account. The model for scattered or off-specular components is evaluated for a point source and point receiver geometry to study various spreading phenomena.>
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Edward Y. T. Kuo (1990) studied this question.
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