'On-off-on' fluorescent indicators for pH windows are obtained with ternary systems in which the three separated components are Cu2+, a tetraaza ligand and the fluorophore Coumarin 343: protonation of Coumarin 343, its coordination to Cu2+ and its displacement from Cu2+ by OH- give an inverse bell-shaped variation of emission with pH.
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Pallavicini et al. (2002) studied this question.
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