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The law of conservation of charge is used to express the x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) line shape of a metal in terms of its observed threshold exponents, α₀ and α₁, within the framework of the many-electron theories of Doniach, Sunjic, Mahan, Nozi\`eres, and de Dominicis. The many-body theory predicts an anomalous dependence of XPS asymmetry on conduction-electron density: With increasing density, the XPS line should become more symmetric.
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Dow et al. (1975) studied this question.
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