Current progress in research on ocular injury caused by exposure to vesicants

Vesicants, powerful chemical weapons of mass destruction, are agents that cause blistering of the skin and blindness upon accidental exposure or during warfare. In addition, their exposure induces a wide range of other symptoms, including those affecting the respiratory tract, digestive system, skin, and ocular tissues. The ocular tissue can be exposed through both direct and indirect routes, such as direct contact with the affected corneal tissue and systemic blood circulation. Investigating eye injuries caused by vesicants is a critical and growing field of research in ophthalmology and ocular toxicology. In this review, we present the current status of the research, covering significant advances made in the study of vesicant-induced corneal and retinal injuries. We also provide general information on vesicants and discuss animal models used to investigate the molecular mechanisms of vesicant exposure and to develop medical countermeasures. Finally, we identify gaps in the current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of vesicant action and highlight future directions for this emerging field.