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August 22, 2026Journal of Transport & HealthOpen Access

No significant effect modification by commuting frequency was observed for commuting time and psychological distress: a cross-sectional study in Japan

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Authors

KOKazuya OgawaKSKeiichi ShimataniNSNorimichi Suzuki

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Overview

Cross-sectional study finds long commuting times increase psychological distress in workers regardless of commuting frequency, suggesting daily trip duration drives mental health risks.

Key Points

  • To evaluate whether commuting frequency modifies the relationship between round-trip commuting duration and psychological distress among workers.
  • Conducted a quota-sampled, web-based cross-sectional survey of 3,922 Japanese workers in November 2025.
  • Assessed psychological distress as a binary outcome alongside round-trip commuting time, frequency, and their interaction term.
  • Estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) using Poisson regression with robust standard errors and multiple imputation across 30 datasets.
  • Psychological distress was significantly higher among workers with round-trip commutes of 60–99 min (aPR 1.11, 95% CI: 1.01–1.23) and ≥100 min (aPR 1.23, 95% CI: 1.10–1.38) compared with <30 min.
  • Commuting frequency alone showed no statistically significant association with psychological distress (aPR 1.04, 95% CI: 0.97–1.12).
  • No significant interaction was observed between commuting time and commuting frequency, with the ≥100 min category yielding an interaction aPR of 1.00 (95% CI: 0.91–1.09).

Cite This Study

Ogawa et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a895e96ca7ade938187cb4ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2026.102419
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Also Consider

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  1. 1Long commuting time and mental health inequalities: Middle-income vulnerability in a 14-wave panel study2026 · 2 citations
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  5. 5Association between commuting and mental health among <scp>Japanese</scp> adolescents2024 · 6 citations